Course modules

Chapter 1

Chapter 1
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    1 Introduction 1 Introduction
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    1.1 The Nature of Astronomy 1.1 The Nature of Astronomy
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    1.2 The Nature of Science 1.2 The Nature of Science
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    1.3 The Laws of Nature 1.3 The Laws of Nature
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    1.4 Numbers in Astronomy 1.4 Numbers in Astronomy
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    1.5 Consequences of Light Travel Time 1.5 Consequences of Light Travel Time
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    1.6 A Tour of the Universe 1.6 A Tour of the Universe
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    1.7 The Universe on the Large Scale 1.7 The Universe on the Large Scale
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    1.8 The Universe of the Very Small 1.8 The Universe of the Very Small
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    1.9 A Conclusion and a Beginning 1.9 A Conclusion and a Beginning
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Chapter 2

Chapter 2
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    2 Thinking Ahead 2 Thinking Ahead
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    2.1 The Sky Above 2.1 The Sky Above
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    2.2 Ancient Astronomy 2.2 Ancient Astronomy
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    2.3 Astrology and Astronomy 2.3 Astrology and Astronomy
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    2.4 The Birth of Modern Astronomy 2.4 The Birth of Modern Astronomy
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Chapter 3

Chapter 3
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    3 Thinking Ahead 3 Thinking Ahead
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    3.1 The Laws of Planetary Motion 3.1 The Laws of Planetary Motion
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    3.2 Newton’s Great Synthesis 3.2 Newton’s Great Synthesis
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    3.3 Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation 3.3 Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation
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    3.4 Orbits in the Solar System 3.4 Orbits in the Solar System
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    3.5 Motions of Satellites and Spacecraft 3.5 Motions of Satellites and Spacecraft
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    3.6 Gravity with More Than Two Bodies 3.6 Gravity with More Than Two Bodies
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Chapter 4

Chapter 4
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    4 Thinking Ahead 4 Thinking Ahead
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    4.1 Earth and Sky 4.1 Earth and Sky
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    4.2 The Seasons 4.2 The Seasons
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    4.3 Keeping Time 4.3 Keeping Time
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    4.4 The Calendar 4.4 The Calendar
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    4.5 Phases and Motions of the Moon 4.5 Phases and Motions of the Moon
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    4.6 Ocean Tides and the Moon 4.6 Ocean Tides and the Moon
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    4.7 Eclipses of the Sun and Moon 4.7 Eclipses of the Sun and Moon
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Chapter 5

Chapter 5
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    5 Thinking Ahead 5 Thinking Ahead
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    5.1 The Behavior of Light 5.1 The Behavior of Light
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    5.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 5.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
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    5.3 Spectroscopy in Astronomy 5.3 Spectroscopy in Astronomy
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    5.4 The Structure of the Atom 5.4 The Structure of the Atom
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    5.5 Formation of Spectral Lines 5.5 Formation of Spectral Lines
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    5.6 The Doppler Effect 5.6 The Doppler Effect
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Chapter 6

Chapter 6
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    6 Thinking Ahead 6 Thinking Ahead
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    6.1 Telescopes 6.1 Telescopes
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    6.2 Telescopes Today 6.2 Telescopes Today
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    6.3 Visible-Light Detectors and Instruments 6.3 Visible-Light Detectors and Instruments
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    6.4 Radio Telescopes 6.4 Radio Telescopes
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    6.5 Observations outside Earth’s Atmosphere 6.5 Observations outside Earth’s Atmosphere
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    6.6 The Future of Large Telescopes 6.6 The Future of Large Telescopes
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Chapter 7

Chapter 7
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    7 Thinking Ahead 7 Thinking Ahead
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    7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System
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    7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets 7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets
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    7.3 Dating Planetary Surfaces 7.3 Dating Planetary Surfaces
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    7.4 Origin of the Solar System 7.4 Origin of the Solar System
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Chapter 8

Chapter 8
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    8 Thinking Ahead 8 Thinking Ahead
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    8.1 The Global Perspective 8.1 The Global Perspective
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    8.2 Earth’s Crust 8.2 Earth’s Crust
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    8.3 Earth’s Atmosphere 8.3 Earth’s Atmosphere
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    8.4 Life, Chemical Evolution, and Climate Change 8.4 Life, Chemical Evolution, and Climate Change
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    8.5 Cosmic Influences on the Evolution of Earth 8.5 Cosmic Influences on the Evolution of Earth
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Chapter 9

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    9 Thinking Ahead 9 Thinking Ahead
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    9.1 General Properties of the Moon 9.1 General Properties of the Moon
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    9.2 The Lunar Surface 9.2 The Lunar Surface
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    9.3 Impact Craters 9.3 Impact Craters
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    9.4 The Origin of the Moon 9.4 The Origin of the Moon
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    9.5 Mercury 9.5 Mercury
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Chapter 10

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    10 Thinking Ahead 10 Thinking Ahead
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    10.1 The Nearest Planets: An Overview 10.1 The Nearest Planets: An Overview
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    10.2 The Geology of Venus 10.2 The Geology of Venus
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    10.3 The Massive Atmosphere of Venus 10.3 The Massive Atmosphere of Venus
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    10.4 The Geology of Mars 10.4 The Geology of Mars
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    10.5 Water and Life on Mars 10.5 Water and Life on Mars
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    10.6 Divergent Planetary Evolution 10.6 Divergent Planetary Evolution
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Chapter 11

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    11 Thinking Ahead 11 Thinking Ahead
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    11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets 11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets
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    11.2 The Giant Planets 11.2 The Giant Planets
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    11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets 11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets
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Chapter 12

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    12 Thinking Ahead 12 Thinking Ahead
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    12.1 Ring and Moon Systems Introduced 12.1 Ring and Moon Systems Introduced
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    12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter 12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter
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    12.3 Titan and Triton 12.3 Titan and Triton
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    12.4 Pluto and Charon 12.4 Pluto and Charon
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    12.5 Planetary Rings 12.5 Planetary Rings
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Chapter 13

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    13 Thinking Ahead 13 Thinking Ahead
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    13.1 Asteroids 13.1 Asteroids
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    13.2 Asteroids and Planetary Defense 13.2 Asteroids and Planetary Defense
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    13.3 The “Long-Haired” Comets 13.3 The “Long-Haired” Comets
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    13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects 13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects
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Chapter 14

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    14 Thinking Ahead 14 Thinking Ahead
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    14.1 Meteors 14.1 Meteors
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    14.2 Meteorites: Stones from Heaven 14.2 Meteorites: Stones from Heaven
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    14.3 Formation of the Solar System 14.3 Formation of the Solar System
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    14.4 Comparison with Other Planetary Systems 14.4 Comparison with Other Planetary Systems
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    14.5 Planetary Evolution 14.5 Planetary Evolution
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Chapter 15

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    Thinking Ahead Thinking Ahead
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    15.1 The Structure and Composition of the Sun 15.1 The Structure and Composition of the Sun
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    15.2 The Solar Cycle 15.2 The Solar Cycle
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    15.3 Solar Activity above the Photosphere 15.3 Solar Activity above the Photosphere
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    15.4 Space Weather 15.4 Space Weather
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Chapter 16

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    16 Thinking Ahead 16 Thinking Ahead
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    16.1 Sources of Sunshine: Thermal and Gravitational Energy 16.1 Sources of Sunshine: Thermal and Gravitational Energy
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    16.2 Mass, Energy, and the Theory of Relativity 16.2 Mass, Energy, and the Theory of Relativity
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    16.3 The Solar Interior: Theory 16.3 The Solar Interior: Theory
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    16.4 The Solar Interior: Observations 16.4 The Solar Interior: Observations
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Chapter 17

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    17 Thinking Ahead 17 Thinking Ahead
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    17.1 The Brightness of Stars 17.1 The Brightness of Stars
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    17.2 Colors of Stars 17.2 Colors of Stars
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    17.3 The Spectra of Stars (and Brown Dwarfs) 17.3 The Spectra of Stars (and Brown Dwarfs)
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    17.4 Using Spectra to Measure Stellar Radius, Composition, and Motion 17.4 Using Spectra to Measure Stellar Radius, Composition, and Motion
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Chapter 18

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    18 Thinking Ahead 18 Thinking Ahead
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    18.1 A Stellar Census 18.1 A Stellar Census
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    18.2 Measuring Stellar Masses 18.2 Measuring Stellar Masses
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    18.3 Diameters of Stars 18.3 Diameters of Stars
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    18.4 The H–R Diagram 18.4 The H–R Diagram
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Chapter 19

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    19 Thinking Ahead 19 Thinking Ahead
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    19.1 Fundamental Units of Distance 19.1 Fundamental Units of Distance
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    19.2 Surveying the Stars 19.2 Surveying the Stars
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    19.3 Variable Stars: One Key to Cosmic Distances 19.3 Variable Stars: One Key to Cosmic Distances
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    19.4 The H–R Diagram and Cosmic Distances 19.4 The H–R Diagram and Cosmic Distances
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Chapter 20

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    20 Thinking Ahead 20 Thinking Ahead
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    20.1 The Interstellar Medium 20.1 The Interstellar Medium
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    20.2 Interstellar Gas 20.2 Interstellar Gas
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    20.3 Cosmic Dust 20.3 Cosmic Dust
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    20.4 Cosmic Rays 20.4 Cosmic Rays
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    20.5 The Life Cycle of Cosmic Material 20.5 The Life Cycle of Cosmic Material
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    20.6 Interstellar Matter around the Sun 20.6 Interstellar Matter around the Sun
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Chapter 21

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    21 Thinking Ahead 21 Thinking Ahead
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    21.1 Star Formation 21.1 Star Formation
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    21.2 The H–R Diagram and the Study of Stellar Evolution 21.2 The H–R Diagram and the Study of Stellar Evolution
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    21.3 Evidence That Planets Form around Other Stars 21.3 Evidence That Planets Form around Other Stars
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    21.4 Planets beyond the Solar System: Search and Discovery 21.4 Planets beyond the Solar System: Search and Discovery
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    21.5 Exoplanets Everywhere: What We Are Learning 21.5 Exoplanets Everywhere: What We Are Learning
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    21.6 New Perspectives on Planet Formation 21.6 New Perspectives on Planet Formation
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Chapter 22

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    22 Thinking Ahead 22 Thinking Ahead
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    22.1 Evolution from the Main Sequence to Red Giants 22.1 Evolution from the Main Sequence to Red Giants
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    22.2 Star Clusters 22.2 Star Clusters
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    22.3 Checking Out the Theory 22.3 Checking Out the Theory
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    22.4 Further Evolution of Stars 22.4 Further Evolution of Stars
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    22.5 The Evolution of More Massive Stars 22.5 The Evolution of More Massive Stars
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Chapter 23

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    23 Thinking Ahead 23 Thinking Ahead
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    23.1 The Death of Low-Mass Stars 23.1 The Death of Low-Mass Stars
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    23.2 Evolution of Massive Stars: An Explosive Finish 23.2 Evolution of Massive Stars: An Explosive Finish
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    23.3 Supernova Observations 23.3 Supernova Observations
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    23.4 Pulsars and the Discovery of Neutron Stars 23.4 Pulsars and the Discovery of Neutron Stars
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    23.5 The Evolution of Binary Star Systems 23.5 The Evolution of Binary Star Systems
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    23.6 The Mystery of the Gamma-Ray Bursts 23.6 The Mystery of the Gamma-Ray Bursts
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Chapter 24

Chapter 24
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    24 Thinking Ahead 24 Thinking Ahead
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    24.1 Introducing General Relativity 24.1 Introducing General Relativity
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    24.2 Spacetime and Gravity 24.2 Spacetime and Gravity
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    24.3 Tests of General Relativity 24.3 Tests of General Relativity
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    24.4 Time in General Relativity 24.4 Time in General Relativity
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    24.5 Black Holes 24.5 Black Holes
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    24.6 Evidence for Black Holes 24.6 Evidence for Black Holes
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    24.7 Gravitational Wave Astronomy 24.7 Gravitational Wave Astronomy
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Chapter 25

Chapter 25
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    25 Thinking Ahead 25 Thinking Ahead
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    25.1 The Architecture of the Galaxy 25.1 The Architecture of the Galaxy
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    25.2 Spiral Structure 25.2 Spiral Structure
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    25.3 The Mass of the Galaxy 25.3 The Mass of the Galaxy
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    25.4 The Center of the Galaxy 25.4 The Center of the Galaxy
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    25.5 Stellar Populations in the Galaxy 25.5 Stellar Populations in the Galaxy
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    25.6 The Formation of the Galaxy 25.6 The Formation of the Galaxy
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Chapter 26

Chapter 26
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    26 Thinking Ahead 26 Thinking Ahead
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    26.1 The Discovery of Galaxies 26.1 The Discovery of Galaxies
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    26.2 Types of Galaxies 26.2 Types of Galaxies
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    26.3 Properties of Galaxies 26.3 Properties of Galaxies
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    26.4 The Extragalactic Distance Scale 26.4 The Extragalactic Distance Scale
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    26.5 The Expanding Universe 26.5 The Expanding Universe
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Chapter 27

Chapter 27
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    27 Thinking Ahead 27 Thinking Ahead
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  • External URL
    27.1 Quasars 27.1 Quasars
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    27.2 Supermassive Black Holes: What Quasars Really Are 27.2 Supermassive Black Holes: What Quasars Really Are
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    27.3 Quasars as Probes of Evolution in the Universe 27.3 Quasars as Probes of Evolution in the Universe
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Chapter 28

Chapter 28
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    28 Thinking Ahead 28 Thinking Ahead
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    28.1 Observations of Distant Galaxies 28.1 Observations of Distant Galaxies
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    28.2 Galaxy Mergers and Active Galactic Nuclei 28.2 Galaxy Mergers and Active Galactic Nuclei
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  • External URL
    28.3 The Distribution of Galaxies in Space 28.3 The Distribution of Galaxies in Space
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    28.4 The Challenge of Dark Matter 28.4 The Challenge of Dark Matter
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    28.5 The Formation and Evolution of Galaxies and Structure in the Universe 28.5 The Formation and Evolution of Galaxies and Structure in the Universe
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Chapter 29

Chapter 29
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    29 Thinking Ahead 29 Thinking Ahead
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    29.1 The Age of the Universe 29.1 The Age of the Universe
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    29.2 A Model of the Universe 29.2 A Model of the Universe
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    29.3 The Beginning of the Universe 29.3 The Beginning of the Universe
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    29.4 The Cosmic Microwave Background 29.4 The Cosmic Microwave Background
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    29.5 What Is the Universe Really Made Of? 29.5 What Is the Universe Really Made Of?
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    29.6 The Inflationary Universe 29.6 The Inflationary Universe
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    29.7 The Anthropic Principle 29.7 The Anthropic Principle
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Chapter 30

Chapter 30
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    30 Thinking Ahead 30 Thinking Ahead
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    30.1 The Cosmic Context for Life 30.1 The Cosmic Context for Life
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    30.2 Astrobiology 30.2 Astrobiology
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    30.3 Searching for Life beyond Earth 30.3 Searching for Life beyond Earth
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    30.4 The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence 30.4 The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
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Additional Readings

Additional Readings
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  • External URL
    How to Study for an Introductory Astronomy Class How to Study for an Introductory Astronomy Class
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  • External URL
    Astronomy Websites, Images, and Apps Astronomy Websites, Images, and Apps
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  • External URL
    Scientific Notation Scientific Notation
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  • External URL
    Units Used in Science Units Used in Science
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  • External URL
    Some Useful Constants for Astronomy Some Useful Constants for Astronomy
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  • External URL
    Physical and Orbital Data for the Planets Physical and Orbital Data for the Planets
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    Selected Moons of the Planets Selected Moons of the Planets
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  • External URL
    Future Total Eclipses Future Total Eclipses
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  • External URL
    The Nearest Stars, Brown Dwarfs, and White Dwarfs The Nearest Stars, Brown Dwarfs, and White Dwarfs
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  • External URL
    The Brightest Twenty Stars The Brightest Twenty Stars
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  • External URL
    The Chemical Elements The Chemical Elements
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    The Constellations The Constellations
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  • External URL
    Star Chart and Sky Event Resources Star Chart and Sky Event Resources
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minimum score must view must submit must contribute